AUTHORS: Luis Barreto

Download as PDF

ABSTRACT: TCP, the most used congestion control protocol, was developed having in consideration wired networks characteristics. The proliferation of wireless mesh networks has put in evidence some of TCP drawbacks. In such networks, TCP experiences serious performance degradation problems, due to its congestion control mechanisms. In a wireless network packet loss is not, as in a wired network, strongly correlated to congestion, but also with medium related errors. A congestion control scheme for wireless networks should be based in accurate estimation of network characteristics, namely link capacity and available bandwidth, based on end to end measurements. We describe new explicit flow control protocols for wireless mesh networks, based in XCP and RCP. We name these protocols XCP-Winf and RCP-Winf. They are supported in a new method to estimate the available bandwidth and the path capacity over a wireless network path, denoted as rt-Winf. The estimation is performed in real-time and without the need to intrusively inject packets in the network. This is accomplished by resorting to the CSMACA scheme with RTS/CTS packets to determine each node’s channel allocation. Simulations with ns-2 show that XCP-Winf and RCP-Winf outperform TCP efficiency in wireless mesh networks.

KEYWORDS: congestion control, available bandwidth, path capacity, measurements, performance, wireless networks

REFERENCES:

[1] S. Vangala, , S. Vangala, and M. A. Labrador, “Performance of TCP over wireless networks with the snoop protocol,” in In Proceedings of the 27th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2002, 2002.

[2] H. Balakrishnan, V. N. Padmanabhan, S. Seshan, and Y. H. Katz, “A comparison of mechanisms for improving TCP performance over wireless links,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 5, pp. 756–769, 1997.

[3] I. F. Akyildiz, X. Wang, and W. Wang, “Wireless mesh networks: a survey,” Computer Networks, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 445 – 487, 2005.

[4] D. Katabi, M. Handley, and C. Rohrs, “Congestion control for high bandwidth-delay product networks,” ACM SIGCOMM, August 2002.

[5] N. Dukkipati and N. McKeown, “Why flowcompletion time is the right metric for congestion control,” ACM SIGCOMM, 2006.

[6] L. Barreto and S. Sargento, “TCP, XCP and RCP in wireless mesh networks: An evaluation study,” in 15th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (IEEE ISCC’10), Riccione, Italy, 6 2010.

[7] S. M. Buhari, M. H. Habaebi, and B. M. Ali, “A new congestion control algorithm for active networks,” Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, pp. 187–211, April 2005.

[8] B. Res, L. Barreto, and S. Sargento, “rt-winf: Real time wireless inference mechanism,” in IEEE Globecom 2010 Workshop on Mobile Computing and Emerging Communication Networks (MCECN 2010), Miami, Florida, USA, 2010.

[9] H. K. L. et al., “Bandwidth estimation in wireless LANs for multimedia streaming services,” Advances in Multimedia, vol. 2007, no. 1, pp. 9–9, 2007.

[10] “NS-MIRACLE: Multi- InteRfAce CrossLayer Extension library for the Network Simulator,” 2008.

[Online]. Available: http://www.dei.unipd.it/wdyn/?IDsezione=3966

[11] D. A. et al., “Available bandwidth measurement as simple as running wget,” Passive and Active Measurement (PAM) Workshop, 2006.

[12] V. J. R. et al., “Pathchirp: Efficient available bandwidth estimation for network paths,” Passive and Active Measurement (PAM) Workshop, April 2003.

[13] “IPerf.”

[Online]. Available: http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf/

[14] J. M. et al., “End-to-end available bandwidth: Measurement methodology, dynamics and relation with TCP throughput,” ACM SIGCOMM, August 2002.

[15] N. H. et al., “Evaluation and characterization of available bandwidth probing techniques,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 21, no. 6, August 2003.

[16] V. Jacobson, “Pathchar: A tool to infer characteristics of internet paths,” MSRI talk, April 1997.

[17] R. K. et al., “Capprobe: A simple and accurate capacity estimation technique.” ACM SIGCOMM, vol. 34, no. 4, August 2004.

[18] L.-J. C. et al., “Adhoc probe: Path capacity probing in wireless ad hoc networks,” Wireless Networks, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 111–126, 2009.

[19] M. L. et al., “Wbest: a bandwidth estimation tool for ieee 802.11 wireless networks,” IEEE LCN, October 2008.

[20] M. S. Gast, 802.11 Wireless Networks - The Definitive Guide, 4th ed. O’reilly, 2002.

[21] F. Tobagi and L. Kleinrock, “Packet switching in radio channels: Part ii–the hidden terminal problem in carrier sense multiple-access and the busy-tone solution,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 1417 – 1433, Dec. 1975.

[22] IEEE Std 802.11 - IEEE Standard for Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Local and metropolitan area networks — Specific requirements. Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, IEEE Computer Society Standard, 2007.

[Online]. Available: http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11- 2007.pdf

[23] H. Zimmermann, “OSI reference model- the ISO model of architecture for open systems interconnection,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 28, no. 4, April 1980.

[24] L.-J. Chen, C.-W. Sung, H.-H. Hung, T. Sun, and C.-F. Chou, “Tsprobe: A link capacity estimation tool for time-slotted wireless networks,” in Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, 2007. WOCN ’07. IFIP International Conference on, July 2007, pp. 1 –5.

[25] C. C. Mario, M. Gerla, S. S. Lee, S. Mascolo, and M. Sanadidi, “TCP with faster recovery,” in In IEEE Milcom, 2000.

[26] D. E. Chandra and B. Subramani, “A survey on congestion control,” Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 82 – 87, 2010.

[27] J. Postel, “Transmission control protocol,” RFC 793, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, September 1981.

[Online]. Available: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc793.txt

[28] V. Jacobson and M. J. Karels, “Congestion avoidance and control,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, August 1988.

[29] B. A. Fourouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002.

[30] Z. Fu, P. Zerfos, H. Luo, S. Lu, L. Zhang, and M. Gerla, “The impact of multihop wireless channel on TCP throughput and loss,” 2003, pp. 1744–1753.

[31] K. Chandran, S. Raghunathan, S. Venkatesan, and R. Prakash, “A feedback-based scheme for improving TCP performance in ad hoc wireless networks,” 2001.

[32] G. Holland and N. Vaidya, “Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks,” in MobiCom ’99: Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking. New York.US: ACM, 1999.

[33] D. Kim, C.-K. Toh, and Y. Choi, “TCP-BuS: improving TCP performance in wireless ad hoc networks,” vol. 3, 2000, pp. 1707 –1713 vol.3.

[34] J. Liu and S. Singh, “ATCP: TCP for mobile ad hoc networks,” Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 1300 –1315, jul. 2001.

[35] K. Sundaresan, V. Anantharaman, H.-Y. Hsieh, and A. R. Sivakumar, “Atp: a reliable transport protocol for ad hoc networks,” Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 588–603, nov. 2005.

[36] C. L. T. Man, G. Hasegawa, and M. Murata, “ImTCP: TCP with an inline measurement mechanism for available bandwidth,” Comput. Commun., vol. 29, pp. 1614–1626, June 2006.

[37] S. M. ElRakabawy, A. Klemm, and C. Lindemann, “TCP with adaptive pacing for multihop wireless networks,” in Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing, ser. MobiHoc ’05. ACM, 2005, pp. 288–299.

[38] K. Tan, F. Jiang, Q. Zhang, and X. Shen, “Congestion control in multihop wireless networks,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 863–873, mar. 2007.

[39] G. Anastasi, E. Ancillotti, M. Conti, and A. Passarella, “Tpa: a transport protocol for ad hoc networks,” in Computers and Communications, 2005. ISCC 2005. Proceedings. 10th IEEE Symposium on, June 2005, pp. 51 – 56.

[40] C. Cordeiro, S. Das, and D. Agrawal, “Copas: dynamic contention-balancing to enhance the performance of TCP over multi-hop wireless networks,” in Computer Communications and Networks, 2002. Proceedings. Eleventh International Conference on, Oct. 2002, pp. 382 – 387.

[41] Z. Fu, H. Luo, P. Zerfos, S. Lu, L. Zhang, and M. Gerla, “The impact of multihop wireless channel on TCP performance,” Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 209 – 221, April 2005.

[42] S. Rangwala, A. Jindal, K.-Y. Jang, K. Psounis, and R. Govindan, “Understanding congestion control in multi-hop wireless mesh networks,” in Proceedings of the 14th ACM international conference on Mobile computing and networking, ser. MobiCom ’08. ACM, 2008, pp. 291–302.

[43] A. Falk and D. Katabi, Specification for the Explicit Control Protocol (XCP), draft-falk-xcp-spec-03.txt, Information Sciences Institute Internet-Draft.

[Online]. Available: http://www.isi.edu/isixcp/docs/draft-falkxcp-spec-00.html

[44] “100x100 clean state project.”

[Online]. Available: http://100x100network.org/

[45] A. Sridharan and B. Krishnamachari, “Explicit and precise rate control for wireless sensor networks,” in SenSys ’09: Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems. ACM, 2009.

[46] G. Nychis, G. Sardesai, and S. Seshan, “Analysis of XCP in a wireless environment,” Carnegie Mellon University, Tech. Rep., 2006.

[Online]. Available: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/gnychis/xcp wireless.pdf

[47] Y. Su and T. Gross, “Wxcp: Explicit congestion control for wireless multi-hop networks,” in In IWQoS ’05: Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Quality of Service, 2005.

[48] F. Abrantes and M. Ricardo, “A simulation study of XCP-b performance in wireless multi-hop networks,” in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM workshop on QoS and security for wireless and mobile networks, ser. Q2SWinet ’07. ACM, 2007.

[49] R. Rom and M. Sidi, Multiple Access Protocols: Performance and Analysis (Telecommunication Networks and Computer Systems). Springer.

[Online]. Available: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=citeulike07- 20&path=ASIN/0387972536

[50] Z. Haas, “On the performance of a medium access control scheme for the reconfigurable wireless networks,” in MILCOM 97 Proceedings, vol. 3, Nov. 1997, pp. 1558 –1564 vol.3.

[51] S. Ray, J. B. Carruthers, and D. Starobinski, “Evaluation of the masked node problem in adhoc wireless lans,” IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 4, pp. 430–442, 2004.

[52] S. M. ElRakabawy, A. Klemm, and C. Lindemann, “TCP with adaptive pacing for multihop wireless networks,” in Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing, ser. MobiHoc ’05. ACM, 2005, pp. 288–299.

[53] K. Xu, M. Gerla, and S. Bae, “How effective is the ieee 802.11 rts/cts handshake in ad hoc networks,” in Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002. GLOBECOM ’02. IEEE, vol. 1, Nov. 2002, pp. 72 – 76 vol.1.

[54] H. Khalife and N. Malouch, “Interaction between hidden node collisions and congestions in multihop wireless ad-hoc networks,” 2006.

[Online]. Available: www-rp.lip6.fr/ khalife/extended.pdf

[55] G. Bianchi, “Performance analysis of the ieee 802.11 distributed coordination function,” Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 535 –547, Mar. 2000.

[56] M. Franceschetti, M. Migliore, and P. Minero, “The capacity of wireless networks: Information-theoretic and physical limits,” Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 3413 –3424, Aug. 2009.

[57] “Recommendation ITU-T G.711.0,” ITU, 2005.

[Online]. Available: http://www.itu.int/rec/TREC-G.711/

[58] “CMU wireless emulator.”

[Online]. Available: http://www.cs.cmu.edu/emulator/

[59] “The network simulator - ns-2,” 2001.

[Online]. Available: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/

[60] Zeljko Ili ˇ c et al., “Optimal MAC packet size in ´ wireless LAN,” MIPRO, 2005.

[61] M. Conti, G. Maselli, G. Turi, and S. Giordano, “Cross-layering in mobile ad hoc network design,” Computer, vol. 37, pp. 48–51, 2004.

[62] “Accurate available bandwidth estimation in ieee 802.11-based ad hoc networks,” Computer Communications, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1050 – 1057, 2009.

[63] M. Fiore, “trace2stats.”

[Online]. Available: http://www.tlcnetworks.polito.it/fiore/index.html

[64] C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, “Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers,” ACM SIGCOMM, 1994.